isrTask.py

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# This file is part of ip_isr.
#
# Developed for the LSST Data Management System.
# This product includes software developed by the LSST Project
# (https://www.lsst.org).
# See the COPYRIGHT file at the top-level directory of this distribution
# for details of code ownership.
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
import math
import numpy
 
import lsst.geom
import lsst.afw.image as afwImage
import lsst.afw.math as afwMath
import lsst.pex.config as pexConfig
import lsst.pipe.base as pipeBase
import lsst.pipe.base.connectionTypes as cT
 
from contextlib import contextmanager
from lsstDebug import getDebugFrame
 
from lsst.afw.cameraGeom import (PIXELS, FOCAL_PLANE, NullLinearityType,
                                 ReadoutCorner)
from lsst.afw.display import getDisplay
from lsst.afw.geom import Polygon
from lsst.daf.persistence import ButlerDataRef
from lsst.daf.persistence.butler import NoResults
from lsst.meas.algorithms.detection import SourceDetectionTask
from lsst.utils.timer import timeMethod
 
from . import isrFunctions
from . import isrQa
from . import linearize
from .defects import Defects
 
from .assembleCcdTask import AssembleCcdTask
from .crosstalk import CrosstalkTask, CrosstalkCalib
from .fringe import FringeTask
from .isr import maskNans
from .masking import MaskingTask
from .overscan import OverscanCorrectionTask
from .straylight import StrayLightTask
from .vignette import VignetteTask
from .ampOffset import AmpOffsetTask
from lsst.daf.butler import DimensionGraph
 
 
__all__ = ["IsrTask", "IsrTaskConfig", "RunIsrTask", "RunIsrConfig"]
 
 
def crosstalkSourceLookup(datasetType, registry, quantumDataId, collections):
    """Lookup function to identify crosstalkSource entries.
 
    This should return an empty list under most circumstances.  Only
    when inter-chip crosstalk has been identified should this be
    populated.
 
    Parameters
    ----------
    datasetType : `str`
        Dataset to lookup.
    registry : `lsst.daf.butler.Registry`
        Butler registry to query.
    quantumDataId : `lsst.daf.butler.ExpandedDataCoordinate`
        Data id to transform to identify crosstalkSources.  The
        ``detector`` entry will be stripped.
    collections : `lsst.daf.butler.CollectionSearch`
        Collections to search through.
 
    Returns
    -------
    results : `list` [`lsst.daf.butler.DatasetRef`]
        List of datasets that match the query that will be used as
        crosstalkSources.
    """
    newDataId = quantumDataId.subset(DimensionGraph(registry.dimensions, names=["instrument", "exposure"]))
    results = set(registry.queryDatasets(datasetType, collections=collections, dataId=newDataId,
                                         findFirst=True))
    # In some contexts, calling `.expanded()` to expand all data IDs in the
    # query results can be a lot faster because it vectorizes lookups.  But in
    # this case, expandDataId shouldn't need to hit the database at all in the
    # steady state, because only the detector record is unknown and those are
    # cached in the registry.
    return [ref.expanded(registry.expandDataId(ref.dataId, records=newDataId.records)) for ref in results]
 
 
class IsrTaskConnections(pipeBase.PipelineTaskConnections,
                         dimensions={"instrument", "exposure", "detector"},
                         defaultTemplates={}):
    ccdExposure = cT.Input(
        name="raw",
        doc="Input exposure to process.",
        storageClass="Exposure",
        dimensions=["instrument", "exposure", "detector"],
    )
    camera = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="camera",
        storageClass="Camera",
        doc="Input camera to construct complete exposures.",
        dimensions=["instrument"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
 
    crosstalk = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="crosstalk",
        doc="Input crosstalk object",
        storageClass="CrosstalkCalib",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
        minimum=0,  # can fall back to cameraGeom
    )
    crosstalkSources = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="isrOverscanCorrected",
        doc="Overscan corrected input images.",
        storageClass="Exposure",
        dimensions=["instrument", "exposure", "detector"],
        deferLoad=True,
        multiple=True,
        lookupFunction=crosstalkSourceLookup,
        minimum=0,  # not needed for all instruments, no config to control this
    )
    bias = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="bias",
        doc="Input bias calibration.",
        storageClass="ExposureF",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    dark = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name='dark',
        doc="Input dark calibration.",
        storageClass="ExposureF",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    flat = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="flat",
        doc="Input flat calibration.",
        storageClass="ExposureF",
        dimensions=["instrument", "physical_filter", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    ptc = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="ptc",
        doc="Input Photon Transfer Curve dataset",
        storageClass="PhotonTransferCurveDataset",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    fringes = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="fringe",
        doc="Input fringe calibration.",
        storageClass="ExposureF",
        dimensions=["instrument", "physical_filter", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
        minimum=0,  # only needed for some bands, even when enabled
    )
    strayLightData = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name='yBackground',
        doc="Input stray light calibration.",
        storageClass="StrayLightData",
        dimensions=["instrument", "physical_filter", "detector"],
        deferLoad=True,
        isCalibration=True,
        minimum=0,  # only needed for some bands, even when enabled
    )
    bfKernel = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name='bfKernel',
        doc="Input brighter-fatter kernel.",
        storageClass="NumpyArray",
        dimensions=["instrument"],
        isCalibration=True,
        minimum=0,  # can use either bfKernel or newBFKernel
    )
    newBFKernel = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name='brighterFatterKernel',
        doc="Newer complete kernel + gain solutions.",
        storageClass="BrighterFatterKernel",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
        minimum=0,  # can use either bfKernel or newBFKernel
    )
    defects = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name='defects',
        doc="Input defect tables.",
        storageClass="Defects",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    linearizer = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name='linearizer',
        storageClass="Linearizer",
        doc="Linearity correction calibration.",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
        minimum=0,  # can fall back to cameraGeom
    )
    opticsTransmission = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="transmission_optics",
        storageClass="TransmissionCurve",
        doc="Transmission curve due to the optics.",
        dimensions=["instrument"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    filterTransmission = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="transmission_filter",
        storageClass="TransmissionCurve",
        doc="Transmission curve due to the filter.",
        dimensions=["instrument", "physical_filter"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    sensorTransmission = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="transmission_sensor",
        storageClass="TransmissionCurve",
        doc="Transmission curve due to the sensor.",
        dimensions=["instrument", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    atmosphereTransmission = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="transmission_atmosphere",
        storageClass="TransmissionCurve",
        doc="Transmission curve due to the atmosphere.",
        dimensions=["instrument"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
    illumMaskedImage = cT.PrerequisiteInput(
        name="illum",
        doc="Input illumination correction.",
        storageClass="MaskedImageF",
        dimensions=["instrument", "physical_filter", "detector"],
        isCalibration=True,
    )
 
    outputExposure = cT.Output(
        name='postISRCCD',
        doc="Output ISR processed exposure.",
        storageClass="Exposure",
        dimensions=["instrument", "exposure", "detector"],
    )
    preInterpExposure = cT.Output(
        name='preInterpISRCCD',
        doc="Output ISR processed exposure, with pixels left uninterpolated.",
        storageClass="ExposureF",
        dimensions=["instrument", "exposure", "detector"],
    )
    outputOssThumbnail = cT.Output(
        name="OssThumb",
        doc="Output Overscan-subtracted thumbnail image.",
        storageClass="Thumbnail",
        dimensions=["instrument", "exposure", "detector"],
    )
    outputFlattenedThumbnail = cT.Output(
        name="FlattenedThumb",
        doc="Output flat-corrected thumbnail image.",
        storageClass="Thumbnail",
        dimensions=["instrument", "exposure", "detector"],
    )
 
    def __init__(self, *, config=None):
        super().__init__(config=config)
 
        if config.doBias is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("bias")
        if config.doLinearize is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("linearizer")
        if config.doCrosstalk is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("crosstalkSources")
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("crosstalk")
        if config.doBrighterFatter is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("bfKernel")
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("newBFKernel")
        if config.doDefect is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("defects")
        if config.doDark is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("dark")
        if config.doFlat is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("flat")
        if config.doFringe is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("fringe")
        if config.doStrayLight is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("strayLightData")
        if config.usePtcGains is not True and config.usePtcReadNoise is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("ptc")
        if config.doAttachTransmissionCurve is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("opticsTransmission")
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("filterTransmission")
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("sensorTransmission")
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("atmosphereTransmission")
        if config.doUseOpticsTransmission is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("opticsTransmission")
        if config.doUseFilterTransmission is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("filterTransmission")
        if config.doUseSensorTransmission is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("sensorTransmission")
        if config.doUseAtmosphereTransmission is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("atmosphereTransmission")
        if config.doIlluminationCorrection is not True:
            self.prerequisiteInputs.discard("illumMaskedImage")
 
        if config.doWrite is not True:
            self.outputs.discard("outputExposure")
            self.outputs.discard("preInterpExposure")
            self.outputs.discard("outputFlattenedThumbnail")
            self.outputs.discard("outputOssThumbnail")
        if config.doSaveInterpPixels is not True:
            self.outputs.discard("preInterpExposure")
        if config.qa.doThumbnailOss is not True:
            self.outputs.discard("outputOssThumbnail")
        if config.qa.doThumbnailFlattened is not True:
            self.outputs.discard("outputFlattenedThumbnail")
 
 
class IsrTaskConfig(pipeBase.PipelineTaskConfig,
                    pipelineConnections=IsrTaskConnections):
    """Configuration parameters for IsrTask.
 
    Items are grouped in the order in which they are executed by the task.
    """
    datasetType = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Dataset type for input data; users will typically leave this alone, "
        "but camera-specific ISR tasks will override it",
        default="raw",
    )
 
    fallbackFilterName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Fallback default filter name for calibrations.",
        optional=True
    )
    useFallbackDate = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Pass observation date when using fallback filter.",
        default=False,
    )
    expectWcs = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Expect input science images to have a WCS (set False for e.g. spectrographs)."
    )
    fwhm = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="FWHM of PSF in arcseconds.",
        default=1.0,
    )
    qa = pexConfig.ConfigField(
        dtype=isrQa.IsrQaConfig,
        doc="QA related configuration options.",
    )
 
    # Image conversion configuration
    doConvertIntToFloat = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Convert integer raw images to floating point values?",
        default=True,
    )
 
    # Saturated pixel handling.
    doSaturation = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Mask saturated pixels? NB: this is totally independent of the"
        " interpolation option - this is ONLY setting the bits in the mask."
        " To have them interpolated make sure doSaturationInterpolation=True",
        default=True,
    )
    saturatedMaskName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Name of mask plane to use in saturation detection and interpolation",
        default="SAT",
    )
    saturation = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="The saturation level to use if no Detector is present in the Exposure (ignored if NaN)",
        default=float("NaN"),
    )
    growSaturationFootprintSize = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        doc="Number of pixels by which to grow the saturation footprints",
        default=1,
    )
 
    # Suspect pixel handling.
    doSuspect = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Mask suspect pixels?",
        default=False,
    )
    suspectMaskName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Name of mask plane to use for suspect pixels",
        default="SUSPECT",
    )
    numEdgeSuspect = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        doc="Number of edge pixels to be flagged as untrustworthy.",
        default=0,
    )
    edgeMaskLevel = pexConfig.ChoiceField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Mask edge pixels in which coordinate frame: DETECTOR or AMP?",
        default="DETECTOR",
        allowed={
            'DETECTOR': 'Mask only the edges of the full detector.',
            'AMP': 'Mask edges of each amplifier.',
        },
    )
 
    # Initial masking options.
    doSetBadRegions = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Should we set the level of all BAD patches of the chip to the chip's average value?",
        default=True,
    )
    badStatistic = pexConfig.ChoiceField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="How to estimate the average value for BAD regions.",
        default='MEANCLIP',
        allowed={
            "MEANCLIP": "Correct using the (clipped) mean of good data",
            "MEDIAN": "Correct using the median of the good data",
        },
    )
 
    # Overscan subtraction configuration.
    doOverscan = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Do overscan subtraction?",
        default=True,
    )
    overscan = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=OverscanCorrectionTask,
        doc="Overscan subtraction task for image segments.",
    )
    overscanFitType = pexConfig.ChoiceField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="The method for fitting the overscan bias level.",
        default='MEDIAN',
        allowed={
            "POLY": "Fit ordinary polynomial to the longest axis of the overscan region",
            "CHEB": "Fit Chebyshev polynomial to the longest axis of the overscan region",
            "LEG": "Fit Legendre polynomial to the longest axis of the overscan region",
            "NATURAL_SPLINE": "Fit natural spline to the longest axis of the overscan region",
            "CUBIC_SPLINE": "Fit cubic spline to the longest axis of the overscan region",
            "AKIMA_SPLINE": "Fit Akima spline to the longest axis of the overscan region",
            "MEAN": "Correct using the mean of the overscan region",
            "MEANCLIP": "Correct using a clipped mean of the overscan region",
            "MEDIAN": "Correct using the median of the overscan region",
            "MEDIAN_PER_ROW": "Correct using the median per row of the overscan region",
        },
        deprecated=("Please configure overscan via the OverscanCorrectionConfig interface."
                    " This option will no longer be used, and will be removed after v20.")
    )
    overscanOrder = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        doc=("Order of polynomial or to fit if overscan fit type is a polynomial, "
             "or number of spline knots if overscan fit type is a spline."),
        default=1,
        deprecated=("Please configure overscan via the OverscanCorrectionConfig interface."
                    " This option will no longer be used, and will be removed after v20.")
    )
    overscanNumSigmaClip = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="Rejection threshold (sigma) for collapsing overscan before fit",
        default=3.0,
        deprecated=("Please configure overscan via the OverscanCorrectionConfig interface."
                    " This option will no longer be used, and will be removed after v20.")
    )
    overscanIsInt = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Treat overscan as an integer image for purposes of overscan.FitType=MEDIAN"
            " and overscan.FitType=MEDIAN_PER_ROW.",
        default=True,
        deprecated=("Please configure overscan via the OverscanCorrectionConfig interface."
                    " This option will no longer be used, and will be removed after v20.")
    )
    # These options do not get deprecated, as they define how we slice up the
    # image data.
    overscanNumLeadingColumnsToSkip = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        doc="Number of columns to skip in overscan, i.e. those closest to amplifier",
        default=0,
    )
    overscanNumTrailingColumnsToSkip = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        doc="Number of columns to skip in overscan, i.e. those farthest from amplifier",
        default=0,
    )
    overscanMaxDev = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="Maximum deviation from the median for overscan",
        default=1000.0, check=lambda x: x > 0
    )
    overscanBiasJump = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Fit the overscan in a piecewise-fashion to correct for bias jumps?",
        default=False,
    )
    overscanBiasJumpKeyword = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Header keyword containing information about devices.",
        default="NO_SUCH_KEY",
    )
    overscanBiasJumpDevices = pexConfig.ListField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="List of devices that need piecewise overscan correction.",
        default=(),
    )
    overscanBiasJumpLocation = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        doc="Location of bias jump along y-axis.",
        default=0,
    )
 
    # Amplifier to CCD assembly configuration
    doAssembleCcd = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Assemble amp-level exposures into a ccd-level exposure?"
    )
    assembleCcd = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=AssembleCcdTask,
        doc="CCD assembly task",
    )
 
    # General calibration configuration.
    doAssembleIsrExposures = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Assemble amp-level calibration exposures into ccd-level exposure?"
    )
    doTrimToMatchCalib = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Trim raw data to match calibration bounding boxes?"
    )
 
    # Bias subtraction.
    doBias = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply bias frame correction?",
        default=True,
    )
    biasDataProductName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Name of the bias data product",
        default="bias",
    )
    doBiasBeforeOverscan = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Reverse order of overscan and bias correction.",
        default=False
    )
 
    # Variance construction
    doVariance = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Calculate variance?",
        default=True
    )
    gain = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="The gain to use if no Detector is present in the Exposure (ignored if NaN)",
        default=float("NaN"),
    )
    readNoise = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="The read noise to use if no Detector is present in the Exposure",
        default=0.0,
    )
    doEmpiricalReadNoise = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Calculate empirical read noise instead of value from AmpInfo data?"
    )
    usePtcReadNoise = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Use readnoise values from the Photon Transfer Curve?"
    )
    maskNegativeVariance = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Mask pixels that claim a negative variance?  This likely indicates a failure "
        "in the measurement of the overscan at an edge due to the data falling off faster "
        "than the overscan model can account for it."
    )
    negativeVarianceMaskName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        default="BAD",
        doc="Mask plane to use to mark pixels with negative variance, if `maskNegativeVariance` is True.",
    )
    # Linearization.
    doLinearize = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Correct for nonlinearity of the detector's response?",
        default=True,
    )
 
    # Crosstalk.
    doCrosstalk = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply intra-CCD crosstalk correction?",
        default=False,
    )
    doCrosstalkBeforeAssemble = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply crosstalk correction before CCD assembly, and before trimming?",
        default=False,
    )
    crosstalk = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=CrosstalkTask,
        doc="Intra-CCD crosstalk correction",
    )
 
    # Masking options.
    doDefect = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply correction for CCD defects, e.g. hot pixels?",
        default=True,
    )
    doNanMasking = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Mask non-finite (NAN, inf) pixels?",
        default=True,
    )
    doWidenSaturationTrails = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Widen bleed trails based on their width?",
        default=True
    )
 
    # Brighter-Fatter correction.
    doBrighterFatter = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Apply the brighter-fatter correction?"
    )
    brighterFatterLevel = pexConfig.ChoiceField(
        dtype=str,
        default="DETECTOR",
        doc="The level at which to correct for brighter-fatter.",
        allowed={
            "AMP": "Every amplifier treated separately.",
            "DETECTOR": "One kernel per detector",
        }
    )
    brighterFatterMaxIter = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        default=10,
        doc="Maximum number of iterations for the brighter-fatter correction"
    )
    brighterFatterThreshold = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        default=1000,
        doc="Threshold used to stop iterating the brighter-fatter correction.  It is the "
        "absolute value of the difference between the current corrected image and the one "
        "from the previous iteration summed over all the pixels."
    )
    brighterFatterApplyGain = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Should the gain be applied when applying the brighter-fatter correction?"
    )
    brighterFatterMaskListToInterpolate = pexConfig.ListField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="List of mask planes that should be interpolated over when applying the brighter-fatter "
        "correction.",
        default=["SAT", "BAD", "NO_DATA", "UNMASKEDNAN"],
    )
    brighterFatterMaskGrowSize = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=int,
        default=0,
        doc="Number of pixels to grow the masks listed in config.brighterFatterMaskListToInterpolate "
        "when brighter-fatter correction is applied."
    )
 
    # Dark subtraction.
    doDark = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply dark frame correction?",
        default=True,
    )
    darkDataProductName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Name of the dark data product",
        default="dark",
    )
 
    # Camera-specific stray light removal.
    doStrayLight = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Subtract stray light in the y-band (due to encoder LEDs)?",
        default=False,
    )
    strayLight = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=StrayLightTask,
        doc="y-band stray light correction"
    )
 
    # Flat correction.
    doFlat = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply flat field correction?",
        default=True,
    )
    flatDataProductName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Name of the flat data product",
        default="flat",
    )
    flatScalingType = pexConfig.ChoiceField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="The method for scaling the flat on the fly.",
        default='USER',
        allowed={
            "USER": "Scale by flatUserScale",
            "MEAN": "Scale by the inverse of the mean",
            "MEDIAN": "Scale by the inverse of the median",
        },
    )
    flatUserScale = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="If flatScalingType is 'USER' then scale flat by this amount; ignored otherwise",
        default=1.0,
    )
    doTweakFlat = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Tweak flats to match observed amplifier ratios?",
        default=False
    )
 
    # Amplifier normalization based on gains instead of using flats
    # configuration.
    doApplyGains = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Correct the amplifiers for their gains instead of applying flat correction",
        default=False,
    )
    usePtcGains = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Use the gain values from the Photon Transfer Curve?",
        default=False,
    )
    normalizeGains = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Normalize all the amplifiers in each CCD to have the same median value.",
        default=False,
    )
 
    # Fringe correction.
    doFringe = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply fringe correction?",
        default=True,
    )
    fringe = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=FringeTask,
        doc="Fringe subtraction task",
    )
    fringeAfterFlat = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Do fringe subtraction after flat-fielding?",
        default=True,
    )
 
    # Amp offset correction.
    doAmpOffset = pexConfig.Field(
        doc="Calculate and apply amp offset corrections?",
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
    )
    ampOffset = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        doc="Amp offset correction task.",
        target=AmpOffsetTask,
    )
 
    # Initial CCD-level background statistics options.
    doMeasureBackground = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Measure the background level on the reduced image?",
        default=False,
    )
 
    # Camera-specific masking configuration.
    doCameraSpecificMasking = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Mask camera-specific bad regions?",
        default=False,
    )
    masking = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=MaskingTask,
        doc="Masking task."
    )
 
    # Interpolation options.
    doInterpolate = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Interpolate masked pixels?",
        default=True,
    )
    doSaturationInterpolation = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Perform interpolation over pixels masked as saturated?"
        " NB: This is independent of doSaturation; if that is False this plane"
        " will likely be blank, resulting in a no-op here.",
        default=True,
    )
    doNanInterpolation = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Perform interpolation over pixels masked as NaN?"
        " NB: This is independent of doNanMasking; if that is False this plane"
        " will likely be blank, resulting in a no-op here.",
        default=True,
    )
    doNanInterpAfterFlat = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc=("If True, ensure we interpolate NaNs after flat-fielding, even if we "
             "also have to interpolate them before flat-fielding."),
        default=False,
    )
    maskListToInterpolate = pexConfig.ListField(
        dtype=str,
        doc="List of mask planes that should be interpolated.",
        default=['SAT', 'BAD'],
    )
    doSaveInterpPixels = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Save a copy of the pre-interpolated pixel values?",
        default=False,
    )
 
    # Default photometric calibration options.
    fluxMag0T1 = pexConfig.DictField(
        keytype=str,
        itemtype=float,
        doc="The approximate flux of a zero-magnitude object in a one-second exposure, per filter.",
        default=dict((f, pow(10.0, 0.4*m)) for f, m in (("Unknown", 28.0),
                                                        ))
    )
    defaultFluxMag0T1 = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="Default value for fluxMag0T1 (for an unrecognized filter).",
        default=pow(10.0, 0.4*28.0)
    )
 
    # Vignette correction configuration.
    doVignette = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Apply vignetting parameters?",
        default=False,
    )
    vignette = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(
        target=VignetteTask,
        doc="Vignetting task.",
    )
 
    # Transmission curve configuration.
    doAttachTransmissionCurve = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Construct and attach a wavelength-dependent throughput curve for this CCD image?"
    )
    doUseOpticsTransmission = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Load and use transmission_optics (if doAttachTransmissionCurve is True)?"
    )
    doUseFilterTransmission = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Load and use transmission_filter (if doAttachTransmissionCurve is True)?"
    )
    doUseSensorTransmission = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Load and use transmission_sensor (if doAttachTransmissionCurve is True)?"
    )
    doUseAtmosphereTransmission = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=True,
        doc="Load and use transmission_atmosphere (if doAttachTransmissionCurve is True)?"
    )
 
    # Illumination correction.
    doIlluminationCorrection = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        default=False,
        doc="Perform illumination correction?"
    )
    illuminationCorrectionDataProductName = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=str,
        doc="Name of the illumination correction data product.",
        default="illumcor",
    )
    illumScale = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=float,
        doc="Scale factor for the illumination correction.",
        default=1.0,
    )
    illumFilters = pexConfig.ListField(
        dtype=str,
        default=[],
        doc="Only perform illumination correction for these filters."
    )
 
    # Write the outputs to disk. If ISR is run as a subtask, this may not
    # be needed.
    doWrite = pexConfig.Field(
        dtype=bool,
        doc="Persist postISRCCD?",
        default=True,
    )
 
    def validate(self):
        super().validate()
        if self.doFlatdoFlat and self.doApplyGainsdoApplyGains:
            raise ValueError("You may not specify both doFlat and doApplyGains")
        if self.doBiasBeforeOverscandoBiasBeforeOverscan and self.doTrimToMatchCalibdoTrimToMatchCalib:
            raise ValueError("You may not specify both doBiasBeforeOverscan and doTrimToMatchCalib")
        if self.doSaturationInterpolationdoSaturationInterpolation and self.saturatedMaskNamesaturatedMaskName not in self.maskListToInterpolatemaskListToInterpolate:
            self.maskListToInterpolatemaskListToInterpolate.append(self.saturatedMaskNamesaturatedMaskName)
        if not self.doSaturationInterpolationdoSaturationInterpolation and self.saturatedMaskNamesaturatedMaskName in self.maskListToInterpolatemaskListToInterpolate:
            self.maskListToInterpolatemaskListToInterpolate.remove(self.saturatedMaskNamesaturatedMaskName)
        if self.doNanInterpolationdoNanInterpolation and "UNMASKEDNAN" not in self.maskListToInterpolatemaskListToInterpolate:
            self.maskListToInterpolatemaskListToInterpolate.append("UNMASKEDNAN")
 
 
class IsrTask(pipeBase.PipelineTask, pipeBase.CmdLineTask):
    """Apply common instrument signature correction algorithms to a raw frame.
 
    The process for correcting imaging data is very similar from
    camera to camera.  This task provides a vanilla implementation of
    doing these corrections, including the ability to turn certain
    corrections off if they are not needed.  The inputs to the primary
    method, `run()`, are a raw exposure to be corrected and the
    calibration data products. The raw input is a single chip sized
    mosaic of all amps including overscans and other non-science
    pixels.  The method `runDataRef()` identifies and defines the
    calibration data products, and is intended for use by a
    `lsst.pipe.base.cmdLineTask.CmdLineTask` and takes as input only a
    `daf.persistence.butlerSubset.ButlerDataRef`.  This task may be
    subclassed for different camera, although the most camera specific
    methods have been split into subtasks that can be redirected
    appropriately.
 
    The __init__ method sets up the subtasks for ISR processing, using
    the defaults from `lsst.ip.isr`.
 
    Parameters
    ----------
    args : `list`
        Positional arguments passed to the Task constructor.
        None used at this time.
    kwargs : `dict`, optional
        Keyword arguments passed on to the Task constructor.
        None used at this time.
    """
    ConfigClass = IsrTaskConfig
    _DefaultName = "isr"
 
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self.makeSubtask("assembleCcd")
        self.makeSubtask("crosstalk")
        self.makeSubtask("strayLight")
        self.makeSubtask("fringe")
        self.makeSubtask("masking")
        self.makeSubtask("overscan")
        self.makeSubtask("vignette")
        self.makeSubtask("ampOffset")
 
    def runQuantum(self, butlerQC, inputRefs, outputRefs):
        inputs = butlerQC.get(inputRefs)
 
        try:
            inputs['detectorNum'] = inputRefs.ccdExposure.dataId['detector']
        except Exception as e:
            raise ValueError("Failure to find valid detectorNum value for Dataset %s: %s." %
                             (inputRefs, e))
 
        inputs['isGen3'] = True
 
        detector = inputs['ccdExposure'].getDetector()
 
        if self.config.doCrosstalk is True:
            # Crosstalk sources need to be defined by the pipeline
            # yaml if they exist.
            if 'crosstalk' in inputs and inputs['crosstalk'] is not None:
                if not isinstance(inputs['crosstalk'], CrosstalkCalib):
                    inputs['crosstalk'] = CrosstalkCalib.fromTable(inputs['crosstalk'])
            else:
                coeffVector = (self.config.crosstalk.crosstalkValues
                               if self.config.crosstalk.useConfigCoefficients else None)
                crosstalkCalib = CrosstalkCalib().fromDetector(detector, coeffVector=coeffVector)
                inputs['crosstalk'] = crosstalkCalib
            if inputs['crosstalk'].interChip and len(inputs['crosstalk'].interChip) > 0:
                if 'crosstalkSources' not in inputs:
                    self.log.warning("No crosstalkSources found for chip with interChip terms!")
 
        if self.doLinearizedoLinearize(detector) is True:
            if 'linearizer' in inputs:
                if isinstance(inputs['linearizer'], dict):
                    linearizer = linearize.Linearizer(detector=detector, log=self.log)
                    linearizer.fromYaml(inputs['linearizer'])
                    self.log.warning("Dictionary linearizers will be deprecated in DM-28741.")
                elif isinstance(inputs['linearizer'], numpy.ndarray):
                    linearizer = linearize.Linearizer(table=inputs.get('linearizer', None),
                                                      detector=detector,
                                                      log=self.log)
                    self.log.warning("Bare lookup table linearizers will be deprecated in DM-28741.")
                else:
                    linearizer = inputs['linearizer']
                    linearizer.log = self.log
                inputs['linearizer'] = linearizer
            else:
                inputs['linearizer'] = linearize.Linearizer(detector=detector, log=self.log)
                self.log.warning("Constructing linearizer from cameraGeom information.")
 
        if self.config.doDefect is True:
            if "defects" in inputs and inputs['defects'] is not None:
                # defects is loaded as a BaseCatalog with columns
                # x0, y0, width, height. Masking expects a list of defects
                # defined by their bounding box
                if not isinstance(inputs["defects"], Defects):
                    inputs["defects"] = Defects.fromTable(inputs["defects"])
 
        # Load the correct style of brighter-fatter kernel, and repack
        # the information as a numpy array.
        if self.config.doBrighterFatter:
            brighterFatterKernel = inputs.pop('newBFKernel', None)
            if brighterFatterKernel is None:
                brighterFatterKernel = inputs.get('bfKernel', None)
 
            if brighterFatterKernel is not None and not isinstance(brighterFatterKernel, numpy.ndarray):
                # This is a ISR calib kernel
                detName = detector.getName()
                level = brighterFatterKernel.level
 
                # This is expected to be a dictionary of amp-wise gains.
                inputs['bfGains'] = brighterFatterKernel.gain
                if self.config.brighterFatterLevel == 'DETECTOR':
                    if level == 'DETECTOR':
                        if detName in brighterFatterKernel.detKernels:
                            inputs['bfKernel'] = brighterFatterKernel.detKernels[detName]
                        else:
                            raise RuntimeError("Failed to extract kernel from new-style BF kernel.")
                    elif level == 'AMP':
                        self.log.warning("Making DETECTOR level kernel from AMP based brighter "
                                         "fatter kernels.")
                        brighterFatterKernel.makeDetectorKernelFromAmpwiseKernels(detName)
                        inputs['bfKernel'] = brighterFatterKernel.detKernels[detName]
                elif self.config.brighterFatterLevel == 'AMP':
                    raise NotImplementedError("Per-amplifier brighter-fatter correction not implemented")
 
        if self.config.doFringe is True and self.fringe.checkFilter(inputs['ccdExposure']):
            expId = inputs['ccdExposure'].info.id
            inputs['fringes'] = self.fringe.loadFringes(inputs['fringes'],
                                                        expId=expId,
                                                        assembler=self.assembleCcd
                                                        if self.config.doAssembleIsrExposures else None)
        else:
            inputs['fringes'] = pipeBase.Struct(fringes=None)
 
        if self.config.doStrayLight is True and self.strayLight.checkFilter(inputs['ccdExposure']):
            if 'strayLightData' not in inputs:
                inputs['strayLightData'] = None
 
        outputs = self.runrun(**inputs)
        butlerQC.put(outputs, outputRefs)
 
    def readIsrData(self, dataRef, rawExposure):
        """Retrieve necessary frames for instrument signature removal.
 
        Pre-fetching all required ISR data products limits the IO
        required by the ISR. Any conflict between the calibration data
        available and that needed for ISR is also detected prior to
        doing processing, allowing it to fail quickly.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        dataRef : `daf.persistence.butlerSubset.ButlerDataRef`
            Butler reference of the detector data to be processed
        rawExposure : `afw.image.Exposure`
            The raw exposure that will later be corrected with the
            retrieved calibration data; should not be modified in this
            method.
 
        Returns
        -------
        result : `lsst.pipe.base.Struct`
            Result struct with components (which may be `None`):
            - ``bias``: bias calibration frame (`afw.image.Exposure`)
            - ``linearizer``: functor for linearization
                (`ip.isr.linearize.LinearizeBase`)
            - ``crosstalkSources``: list of possible crosstalk sources (`list`)
            - ``dark``: dark calibration frame (`afw.image.Exposure`)
            - ``flat``: flat calibration frame (`afw.image.Exposure`)
            - ``bfKernel``: Brighter-Fatter kernel (`numpy.ndarray`)
            - ``defects``: list of defects (`lsst.ip.isr.Defects`)
            - ``fringes``: `lsst.pipe.base.Struct` with components:
              - ``fringes``: fringe calibration frame (`afw.image.Exposure`)
              - ``seed``: random seed derived from the ccdExposureId for random
                  number generator (`uint32`).
            - ``opticsTransmission``: `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
                A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
                optics, to be evaluated in focal-plane coordinates.
            - ``filterTransmission`` : `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
                A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
                filter itself, to be evaluated in focal-plane coordinates.
            - ``sensorTransmission`` : `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
                A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
                sensor itself, to be evaluated in post-assembly trimmed
                detector coordinates.
            - ``atmosphereTransmission`` : `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
                A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
                atmosphere, assumed to be spatially constant.
            - ``strayLightData`` : `object`
                An opaque object containing calibration information for
                stray-light correction.  If `None`, no correction will be
                performed.
            - ``illumMaskedImage`` : illumination correction image
                (`lsst.afw.image.MaskedImage`)
 
        Raises
        ------
        NotImplementedError :
            Raised if a per-amplifier brighter-fatter kernel is requested by
            the configuration.
        """
        try:
            dateObs = rawExposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo().getDate()
            dateObs = dateObs.toPython().isoformat()
        except RuntimeError:
            self.log.warning("Unable to identify dateObs for rawExposure.")
            dateObs = None
 
        ccd = rawExposure.getDetector()
        filterLabel = rawExposure.getFilterLabel()
        physicalFilter = isrFunctions.getPhysicalFilter(filterLabel, self.log)
        rawExposure.mask.addMaskPlane("UNMASKEDNAN")  # needed to match pre DM-15862 processing.
        biasExposure = (self.getIsrExposuregetIsrExposure(dataRef, self.config.biasDataProductName)
                        if self.config.doBias else None)
        # immediate=True required for functors and linearizers are functors
        # see ticket DM-6515
        linearizer = (dataRef.get("linearizer", immediate=True)
                      if self.doLinearizedoLinearize(ccd) else None)
        if linearizer is not None and not isinstance(linearizer, numpy.ndarray):
            linearizer.log = self.log
        if isinstance(linearizer, numpy.ndarray):
            linearizer = linearize.Linearizer(table=linearizer, detector=ccd)
 
        crosstalkCalib = None
        if self.config.doCrosstalk:
            try:
                crosstalkCalib = dataRef.get("crosstalk", immediate=True)
            except NoResults:
                coeffVector = (self.config.crosstalk.crosstalkValues
                               if self.config.crosstalk.useConfigCoefficients else None)
                crosstalkCalib = CrosstalkCalib().fromDetector(ccd, coeffVector=coeffVector)
        crosstalkSources = (self.crosstalk.prepCrosstalk(dataRef, crosstalkCalib)
                            if self.config.doCrosstalk else None)
 
        darkExposure = (self.getIsrExposuregetIsrExposure(dataRef, self.config.darkDataProductName)
                        if self.config.doDark else None)
        flatExposure = (self.getIsrExposuregetIsrExposure(dataRef, self.config.flatDataProductName,
                                            dateObs=dateObs)
                        if self.config.doFlat else None)
 
        brighterFatterKernel = None
        brighterFatterGains = None
        if self.config.doBrighterFatter is True:
            try:
                # Use the new-style cp_pipe version of the kernel if it exists
                # If using a new-style kernel, always use the self-consistent
                # gains, i.e. the ones inside the kernel object itself
                brighterFatterKernel = dataRef.get("brighterFatterKernel")
                brighterFatterGains = brighterFatterKernel.gain
                self.log.info("New style brighter-fatter kernel (brighterFatterKernel) loaded")
            except NoResults:
                try:  # Fall back to the old-style numpy-ndarray style kernel if necessary.
                    brighterFatterKernel = dataRef.get("bfKernel")
                    self.log.info("Old style brighter-fatter kernel (bfKernel) loaded")
                except NoResults:
                    brighterFatterKernel = None
            if brighterFatterKernel is not None and not isinstance(brighterFatterKernel, numpy.ndarray):
                # If the kernel is not an ndarray, it's the cp_pipe version
                # so extract the kernel for this detector, or raise an error
                if self.config.brighterFatterLevel == 'DETECTOR':
                    if brighterFatterKernel.detKernels:
                        brighterFatterKernel = brighterFatterKernel.detKernels[ccd.getName()]
                    else:
                        raise RuntimeError("Failed to extract kernel from new-style BF kernel.")
                else:
                    # TODO DM-15631 for implementing this
                    raise NotImplementedError("Per-amplifier brighter-fatter correction not implemented")
 
        defectList = (dataRef.get("defects")
                      if self.config.doDefect else None)
        expId = rawExposure.info.id
        fringeStruct = (self.fringe.readFringes(dataRef, expId=expId, assembler=self.assembleCcd
                                                if self.config.doAssembleIsrExposures else None)
                        if self.config.doFringe and self.fringe.checkFilter(rawExposure)
                        else pipeBase.Struct(fringes=None))
 
        if self.config.doAttachTransmissionCurve:
            opticsTransmission = (dataRef.get("transmission_optics")
                                  if self.config.doUseOpticsTransmission else None)
            filterTransmission = (dataRef.get("transmission_filter")
                                  if self.config.doUseFilterTransmission else None)
            sensorTransmission = (dataRef.get("transmission_sensor")
                                  if self.config.doUseSensorTransmission else None)
            atmosphereTransmission = (dataRef.get("transmission_atmosphere")
                                      if self.config.doUseAtmosphereTransmission else None)
        else:
            opticsTransmission = None
            filterTransmission = None
            sensorTransmission = None
            atmosphereTransmission = None
 
        if self.config.doStrayLight:
            strayLightData = self.strayLight.readIsrData(dataRef, rawExposure)
        else:
            strayLightData = None
 
        illumMaskedImage = (self.getIsrExposuregetIsrExposure(dataRef,
                            self.config.illuminationCorrectionDataProductName).getMaskedImage()
                            if (self.config.doIlluminationCorrection
                                and physicalFilter in self.config.illumFilters)
                            else None)
 
        # Struct should include only kwargs to run()
        return pipeBase.Struct(bias=biasExposure,
                               linearizer=linearizer,
                               crosstalk=crosstalkCalib,
                               crosstalkSources=crosstalkSources,
                               dark=darkExposure,
                               flat=flatExposure,
                               bfKernel=brighterFatterKernel,
                               bfGains=brighterFatterGains,
                               defects=defectList,
                               fringes=fringeStruct,
                               opticsTransmission=opticsTransmission,
                               filterTransmission=filterTransmission,
                               sensorTransmission=sensorTransmission,
                               atmosphereTransmission=atmosphereTransmission,
                               strayLightData=strayLightData,
                               illumMaskedImage=illumMaskedImage
                               )
 
    @timeMethod
    def run(self, ccdExposure, *, camera=None, bias=None, linearizer=None,
            crosstalk=None, crosstalkSources=None,
            dark=None, flat=None, ptc=None, bfKernel=None, bfGains=None, defects=None,
            fringes=pipeBase.Struct(fringes=None), opticsTransmission=None, filterTransmission=None,
            sensorTransmission=None, atmosphereTransmission=None,
            detectorNum=None, strayLightData=None, illumMaskedImage=None,
            isGen3=False,
            ):
        """Perform instrument signature removal on an exposure.
 
        Steps included in the ISR processing, in order performed, are:
        - saturation and suspect pixel masking
        - overscan subtraction
        - CCD assembly of individual amplifiers
        - bias subtraction
        - variance image construction
        - linearization of non-linear response
        - crosstalk masking
        - brighter-fatter correction
        - dark subtraction
        - fringe correction
        - stray light subtraction
        - flat correction
        - masking of known defects and camera specific features
        - vignette calculation
        - appending transmission curve and distortion model
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        ccdExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            The raw exposure that is to be run through ISR.  The
            exposure is modified by this method.
        camera : `lsst.afw.cameraGeom.Camera`, optional
            The camera geometry for this exposure. Required if
            one or more of ``ccdExposure``, ``bias``, ``dark``, or
            ``flat`` does not have an associated detector.
        bias : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`, optional
            Bias calibration frame.
        linearizer : `lsst.ip.isr.linearize.LinearizeBase`, optional
            Functor for linearization.
        crosstalk : `lsst.ip.isr.crosstalk.CrosstalkCalib`, optional
            Calibration for crosstalk.
        crosstalkSources : `list`, optional
            List of possible crosstalk sources.
        dark : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`, optional
            Dark calibration frame.
        flat : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`, optional
            Flat calibration frame.
        ptc : `lsst.ip.isr.PhotonTransferCurveDataset`, optional
            Photon transfer curve dataset, with, e.g., gains
            and read noise.
        bfKernel : `numpy.ndarray`, optional
            Brighter-fatter kernel.
        bfGains : `dict` of `float`, optional
            Gains used to override the detector's nominal gains for the
            brighter-fatter correction. A dict keyed by amplifier name for
            the detector in question.
        defects : `lsst.ip.isr.Defects`, optional
            List of defects.
        fringes : `lsst.pipe.base.Struct`, optional
            Struct containing the fringe correction data, with
            elements:
            - ``fringes``: fringe calibration frame (`afw.image.Exposure`)
            - ``seed``: random seed derived from the ccdExposureId for random
                number generator (`uint32`)
        opticsTransmission: `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`, optional
            A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the,
            optics, to be evaluated in focal-plane coordinates.
        filterTransmission : `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
            A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
            filter itself, to be evaluated in focal-plane coordinates.
        sensorTransmission : `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
            A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
            sensor itself, to be evaluated in post-assembly trimmed detector
            coordinates.
        atmosphereTransmission : `lsst.afw.image.TransmissionCurve`
            A ``TransmissionCurve`` that represents the throughput of the
            atmosphere, assumed to be spatially constant.
        detectorNum : `int`, optional
            The integer number for the detector to process.
        isGen3 : bool, optional
            Flag this call to run() as using the Gen3 butler environment.
        strayLightData : `object`, optional
            Opaque object containing calibration information for stray-light
            correction.  If `None`, no correction will be performed.
        illumMaskedImage : `lsst.afw.image.MaskedImage`, optional
            Illumination correction image.
 
        Returns
        -------
        result : `lsst.pipe.base.Struct`
            Result struct with component:
            - ``exposure`` : `afw.image.Exposure`
                The fully ISR corrected exposure.
            - ``outputExposure`` : `afw.image.Exposure`
                An alias for `exposure`
            - ``ossThumb`` : `numpy.ndarray`
                Thumbnail image of the exposure after overscan subtraction.
            - ``flattenedThumb`` : `numpy.ndarray`
                Thumbnail image of the exposure after flat-field correction.
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if a configuration option is set to True, but the
            required calibration data has not been specified.
 
        Notes
        -----
        The current processed exposure can be viewed by setting the
        appropriate lsstDebug entries in the `debug.display`
        dictionary.  The names of these entries correspond to some of
        the IsrTaskConfig Boolean options, with the value denoting the
        frame to use.  The exposure is shown inside the matching
        option check and after the processing of that step has
        finished.  The steps with debug points are:
 
        doAssembleCcd
        doBias
        doCrosstalk
        doBrighterFatter
        doDark
        doFringe
        doStrayLight
        doFlat
 
        In addition, setting the "postISRCCD" entry displays the
        exposure after all ISR processing has finished.
 
        """
 
        if isGen3 is True:
            # Gen3 currently cannot automatically do configuration overrides.
            # DM-15257 looks to discuss this issue.
            # Configure input exposures;
 
            ccdExposure = self.ensureExposureensureExposure(ccdExposure, camera, detectorNum)
            bias = self.ensureExposureensureExposure(bias, camera, detectorNum)
            dark = self.ensureExposureensureExposure(dark, camera, detectorNum)
            flat = self.ensureExposureensureExposure(flat, camera, detectorNum)
        else:
            if isinstance(ccdExposure, ButlerDataRef):
                return self.runDataRefrunDataRef(ccdExposure)
 
        ccd = ccdExposure.getDetector()
        filterLabel = ccdExposure.getFilterLabel()
        physicalFilter = isrFunctions.getPhysicalFilter(filterLabel, self.log)
 
        if not ccd:
            assert not self.config.doAssembleCcd, "You need a Detector to run assembleCcd."
            ccd = [FakeAmp(ccdExposure, self.config)]
 
        # Validate Input
        if self.config.doBias and bias is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply a bias exposure if config.doBias=True.")
        if self.doLinearizedoLinearize(ccd) and linearizer is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply a linearizer if config.doLinearize=True for this detector.")
        if self.config.doBrighterFatter and bfKernel is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply a kernel if config.doBrighterFatter=True.")
        if self.config.doDark and dark is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply a dark exposure if config.doDark=True.")
        if self.config.doFlat and flat is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply a flat exposure if config.doFlat=True.")
        if self.config.doDefect and defects is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply defects if config.doDefect=True.")
        if (self.config.doFringe and physicalFilter in self.fringe.config.filters
                and fringes.fringes is None):
            # The `fringes` object needs to be a pipeBase.Struct, as
            # we use it as a `dict` for the parameters of
            # `FringeTask.run()`.  The `fringes.fringes` `list` may
            # not be `None` if `doFringe=True`.  Otherwise, raise.
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply fringe exposure as a pipeBase.Struct.")
        if (self.config.doIlluminationCorrection and physicalFilter in self.config.illumFilters
                and illumMaskedImage is None):
            raise RuntimeError("Must supply an illumcor if config.doIlluminationCorrection=True.")
 
        # Begin ISR processing.
        if self.config.doConvertIntToFloat:
            self.log.info("Converting exposure to floating point values.")
            ccdExposure = self.convertIntToFloatconvertIntToFloat(ccdExposure)
 
        if self.config.doBias and self.config.doBiasBeforeOverscan:
            self.log.info("Applying bias correction.")
            isrFunctions.biasCorrection(ccdExposure.getMaskedImage(), bias.getMaskedImage(),
                                        trimToFit=self.config.doTrimToMatchCalib)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doBias")
 
        # Amplifier level processing.
        overscans = []
        for amp in ccd:
            # if ccdExposure is one amp,
            # check for coverage to prevent performing ops multiple times
            if ccdExposure.getBBox().contains(amp.getBBox()):
                # Check for fully masked bad amplifiers,
                # and generate masks for SUSPECT and SATURATED values.
                badAmp = self.maskAmplifiermaskAmplifier(ccdExposure, amp, defects)
 
                if self.config.doOverscan and not badAmp:
                    # Overscan correction on amp-by-amp basis.
                    overscanResults = self.overscanCorrectionoverscanCorrection(ccdExposure, amp)
                    self.log.debug("Corrected overscan for amplifier %s.", amp.getName())
                    if overscanResults is not None and \
                       self.config.qa is not None and self.config.qa.saveStats is True:
                        if isinstance(overscanResults.overscanFit, float):
                            qaMedian = overscanResults.overscanFit
                            qaStdev = float("NaN")
                        else:
                            qaStats = afwMath.makeStatistics(overscanResults.overscanFit,
                                                             afwMath.MEDIAN | afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
                            qaMedian = qaStats.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN)
                            qaStdev = qaStats.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
 
                        self.metadata[f"FIT MEDIAN {amp.getName()}"] = qaMedian
                        self.metadata[f"FIT STDEV {amp.getName()}"] = qaStdev
                        self.log.debug("  Overscan stats for amplifer %s: %f +/- %f",
                                       amp.getName(), qaMedian, qaStdev)
 
                        # Residuals after overscan correction
                        qaStatsAfter = afwMath.makeStatistics(overscanResults.overscanImage,
                                                              afwMath.MEDIAN | afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
                        qaMedianAfter = qaStatsAfter.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN)
                        qaStdevAfter = qaStatsAfter.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
 
                        self.metadata[f"RESIDUAL MEDIAN {amp.getName()}"] = qaMedianAfter
                        self.metadata[f"RESIDUAL STDEV {amp.getName()}"] = qaStdevAfter
                        self.log.debug("  Overscan stats for amplifer %s after correction: %f +/- %f",
                                       amp.getName(), qaMedianAfter, qaStdevAfter)
 
                        ccdExposure.getMetadata().set('OVERSCAN', "Overscan corrected")
                else:
                    if badAmp:
                        self.log.warning("Amplifier %s is bad.", amp.getName())
                    overscanResults = None
 
                overscans.append(overscanResults if overscanResults is not None else None)
            else:
                self.log.info("Skipped OSCAN for %s.", amp.getName())
 
        if self.config.doCrosstalk and self.config.doCrosstalkBeforeAssemble:
            self.log.info("Applying crosstalk correction.")
            self.crosstalk.run(ccdExposure, crosstalk=crosstalk,
                               crosstalkSources=crosstalkSources, camera=camera)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doCrosstalk")
 
        if self.config.doAssembleCcd:
            self.log.info("Assembling CCD from amplifiers.")
            ccdExposure = self.assembleCcd.assembleCcd(ccdExposure)
 
            if self.config.expectWcs and not ccdExposure.getWcs():
                self.log.warning("No WCS found in input exposure.")
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doAssembleCcd")
 
        ossThumb = None
        if self.config.qa.doThumbnailOss:
            ossThumb = isrQa.makeThumbnail(ccdExposure, isrQaConfig=self.config.qa)
 
        if self.config.doBias and not self.config.doBiasBeforeOverscan:
            self.log.info("Applying bias correction.")
            isrFunctions.biasCorrection(ccdExposure.getMaskedImage(), bias.getMaskedImage(),
                                        trimToFit=self.config.doTrimToMatchCalib)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doBias")
 
        if self.config.doVariance:
            for amp, overscanResults in zip(ccd, overscans):
                if ccdExposure.getBBox().contains(amp.getBBox()):
                    self.log.debug("Constructing variance map for amplifer %s.", amp.getName())
                    ampExposure = ccdExposure.Factory(ccdExposure, amp.getBBox())
                    if overscanResults is not None:
                        self.updateVarianceupdateVariance(ampExposure, amp,
                                            overscanImage=overscanResults.overscanImage,
                                            ptcDataset=ptc)
                    else:
                        self.updateVarianceupdateVariance(ampExposure, amp,
                                            overscanImage=None,
                                            ptcDataset=ptc)
                    if self.config.qa is not None and self.config.qa.saveStats is True:
                        qaStats = afwMath.makeStatistics(ampExposure.getVariance(),
                                                         afwMath.MEDIAN | afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
                        self.metadata[f"ISR VARIANCE {amp.getName()} MEDIAN"] = \
                            qaStats.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN)
                        self.metadata[f"ISR VARIANCE {amp.getName()} STDEV"] = \
                            qaStats.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
                        self.log.debug("  Variance stats for amplifer %s: %f +/- %f.",
                                       amp.getName(), qaStats.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN),
                                       qaStats.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP))
            if self.config.maskNegativeVariance:
                self.maskNegativeVariancemaskNegativeVariance(ccdExposure)
 
        if self.doLinearizedoLinearize(ccd):
            self.log.info("Applying linearizer.")
            linearizer.applyLinearity(image=ccdExposure.getMaskedImage().getImage(),
                                      detector=ccd, log=self.log)
 
        if self.config.doCrosstalk and not self.config.doCrosstalkBeforeAssemble:
            self.log.info("Applying crosstalk correction.")
            self.crosstalk.run(ccdExposure, crosstalk=crosstalk,
                               crosstalkSources=crosstalkSources, isTrimmed=True)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doCrosstalk")
 
        # Masking block. Optionally mask known defects, NAN/inf pixels,
        # widen trails, and do anything else the camera needs. Saturated and
        # suspect pixels have already been masked.
        if self.config.doDefect:
            self.log.info("Masking defects.")
            self.maskDefectmaskDefect(ccdExposure, defects)
 
            if self.config.numEdgeSuspect > 0:
                self.log.info("Masking edges as SUSPECT.")
                self.maskEdgesmaskEdges(ccdExposure, numEdgePixels=self.config.numEdgeSuspect,
                               maskPlane="SUSPECT", level=self.config.edgeMaskLevel)
 
        if self.config.doNanMasking:
            self.log.info("Masking non-finite (NAN, inf) value pixels.")
            self.maskNanmaskNan(ccdExposure)
 
        if self.config.doWidenSaturationTrails:
            self.log.info("Widening saturation trails.")
            isrFunctions.widenSaturationTrails(ccdExposure.getMaskedImage().getMask())
 
        if self.config.doCameraSpecificMasking:
            self.log.info("Masking regions for camera specific reasons.")
            self.masking.run(ccdExposure)
 
        if self.config.doBrighterFatter:
            # We need to apply flats and darks before we can interpolate, and
            # we need to interpolate before we do B-F, but we do B-F without
            # the flats and darks applied so we can work in units of electrons
            # or holes. This context manager applies and then removes the darks
            # and flats.
            #
            # We also do not want to interpolate values here, so operate on
            # temporary images so we can apply only the BF-correction and roll
            # back the interpolation.
            interpExp = ccdExposure.clone()
            with self.flatContextflatContext(interpExp, flat, dark):
                isrFunctions.interpolateFromMask(
                    maskedImage=interpExp.getMaskedImage(),
                    fwhm=self.config.fwhm,
                    growSaturatedFootprints=self.config.growSaturationFootprintSize,
                    maskNameList=list(self.config.brighterFatterMaskListToInterpolate)
                )
            bfExp = interpExp.clone()
 
            self.log.info("Applying brighter-fatter correction using kernel type %s / gains %s.",
                          type(bfKernel), type(bfGains))
            bfResults = isrFunctions.brighterFatterCorrection(bfExp, bfKernel,
                                                              self.config.brighterFatterMaxIter,
                                                              self.config.brighterFatterThreshold,
                                                              self.config.brighterFatterApplyGain,
                                                              bfGains)
            if bfResults[1] == self.config.brighterFatterMaxIter:
                self.log.warning("Brighter-fatter correction did not converge, final difference %f.",
                                 bfResults[0])
            else:
                self.log.info("Finished brighter-fatter correction in %d iterations.",
                              bfResults[1])
            image = ccdExposure.getMaskedImage().getImage()
            bfCorr = bfExp.getMaskedImage().getImage()
            bfCorr -= interpExp.getMaskedImage().getImage()
            image += bfCorr
 
            # Applying the brighter-fatter correction applies a
            # convolution to the science image. At the edges this
            # convolution may not have sufficient valid pixels to
            # produce a valid correction. Mark pixels within the size
            # of the brighter-fatter kernel as EDGE to warn of this
            # fact.
            self.log.info("Ensuring image edges are masked as EDGE to the brighter-fatter kernel size.")
            self.maskEdgesmaskEdges(ccdExposure, numEdgePixels=numpy.max(bfKernel.shape) // 2,
                           maskPlane="EDGE")
 
            if self.config.brighterFatterMaskGrowSize > 0:
                self.log.info("Growing masks to account for brighter-fatter kernel convolution.")
                for maskPlane in self.config.brighterFatterMaskListToInterpolate:
                    isrFunctions.growMasks(ccdExposure.getMask(),
                                           radius=self.config.brighterFatterMaskGrowSize,
                                           maskNameList=maskPlane,
                                           maskValue=maskPlane)
 
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doBrighterFatter")
 
        if self.config.doDark:
            self.log.info("Applying dark correction.")
            self.darkCorrectiondarkCorrection(ccdExposure, dark)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doDark")
 
        if self.config.doFringe and not self.config.fringeAfterFlat:
            self.log.info("Applying fringe correction before flat.")
            self.fringe.run(ccdExposure, **fringes.getDict())
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doFringe")
 
        if self.config.doStrayLight and self.strayLight.check(ccdExposure):
            self.log.info("Checking strayLight correction.")
            self.strayLight.run(ccdExposure, strayLightData)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doStrayLight")
 
        if self.config.doFlat:
            self.log.info("Applying flat correction.")
            self.flatCorrectionflatCorrection(ccdExposure, flat)
            self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "doFlat")
 
        if self.config.doApplyGains:
            self.log.info("Applying gain correction instead of flat.")
            if self.config.usePtcGains:
                self.log.info("Using gains from the Photon Transfer Curve.")
                isrFunctions.applyGains(ccdExposure, self.config.normalizeGains,
                                        ptcGains=ptc.gain)
            else:
                isrFunctions.applyGains(ccdExposure, self.config.normalizeGains)
 
        if self.config.doFringe and self.config.fringeAfterFlat:
            self.log.info("Applying fringe correction after flat.")
            self.fringe.run(ccdExposure, **fringes.getDict())
 
        if self.config.doVignette:
            self.log.info("Constructing Vignette polygon.")
            self.vignettePolygonvignettePolygon = self.vignette.run(ccdExposure)
 
            if self.config.vignette.doWriteVignettePolygon:
                self.setValidPolygonIntersectsetValidPolygonIntersect(ccdExposure, self.vignettePolygonvignettePolygon)
 
        if self.config.doAttachTransmissionCurve:
            self.log.info("Adding transmission curves.")
            isrFunctions.attachTransmissionCurve(ccdExposure, opticsTransmission=opticsTransmission,
                                                 filterTransmission=filterTransmission,
                                                 sensorTransmission=sensorTransmission,
                                                 atmosphereTransmission=atmosphereTransmission)
 
        flattenedThumb = None
        if self.config.qa.doThumbnailFlattened:
            flattenedThumb = isrQa.makeThumbnail(ccdExposure, isrQaConfig=self.config.qa)
 
        if self.config.doIlluminationCorrection and physicalFilter in self.config.illumFilters:
            self.log.info("Performing illumination correction.")
            isrFunctions.illuminationCorrection(ccdExposure.getMaskedImage(),
                                                illumMaskedImage, illumScale=self.config.illumScale,
                                                trimToFit=self.config.doTrimToMatchCalib)
 
        preInterpExp = None
        if self.config.doSaveInterpPixels:
            preInterpExp = ccdExposure.clone()
 
        # Reset and interpolate bad pixels.
        #
        # Large contiguous bad regions (which should have the BAD mask
        # bit set) should have their values set to the image median.
        # This group should include defects and bad amplifiers. As the
        # area covered by these defects are large, there's little
        # reason to expect that interpolation would provide a more
        # useful value.
        #
        # Smaller defects can be safely interpolated after the larger
        # regions have had their pixel values reset.  This ensures
        # that the remaining defects adjacent to bad amplifiers (as an
        # example) do not attempt to interpolate extreme values.
        if self.config.doSetBadRegions:
            badPixelCount, badPixelValue = isrFunctions.setBadRegions(ccdExposure)
            if badPixelCount > 0:
                self.log.info("Set %d BAD pixels to %f.", badPixelCount, badPixelValue)
 
        if self.config.doInterpolate:
            self.log.info("Interpolating masked pixels.")
            isrFunctions.interpolateFromMask(
                maskedImage=ccdExposure.getMaskedImage(),
                fwhm=self.config.fwhm,
                growSaturatedFootprints=self.config.growSaturationFootprintSize,
                maskNameList=list(self.config.maskListToInterpolate)
            )
 
        self.roughZeroPointroughZeroPoint(ccdExposure)
 
        # correct for amp offsets within the CCD
        if self.config.doAmpOffset:
            self.log.info("Correcting amp offsets.")
            self.ampOffset.run(ccdExposure)
 
        if self.config.doMeasureBackground:
            self.log.info("Measuring background level.")
            self.measureBackgroundmeasureBackground(ccdExposure, self.config.qa)
 
            if self.config.qa is not None and self.config.qa.saveStats is True:
                for amp in ccd:
                    ampExposure = ccdExposure.Factory(ccdExposure, amp.getBBox())
                    qaStats = afwMath.makeStatistics(ampExposure.getImage(),
                                                     afwMath.MEDIAN | afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
                    self.metadata[f"ISR BACKGROUND {amp.getName()} MEDIAN"] = qaStats.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN)
                    self.metadata[f"ISR BACKGROUND {amp.getName()} STDEV"] = \
                        qaStats.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
                    self.log.debug("  Background stats for amplifer %s: %f +/- %f",
                                   amp.getName(), qaStats.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN),
                                   qaStats.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP))
 
        self.debugViewdebugView(ccdExposure, "postISRCCD")
 
        return pipeBase.Struct(
            exposure=ccdExposure,
            ossThumb=ossThumb,
            flattenedThumb=flattenedThumb,
 
            preInterpExposure=preInterpExp,
            outputExposure=ccdExposure,
            outputOssThumbnail=ossThumb,
            outputFlattenedThumbnail=flattenedThumb,
        )
 
    @timeMethod
    def runDataRef(self, sensorRef):
        """Perform instrument signature removal on a ButlerDataRef of a Sensor.
 
        This method contains the `CmdLineTask` interface to the ISR
        processing.  All IO is handled here, freeing the `run()` method
        to manage only pixel-level calculations.  The steps performed
        are:
        - Read in necessary detrending/isr/calibration data.
        - Process raw exposure in `run()`.
        - Persist the ISR-corrected exposure as "postISRCCD" if
          config.doWrite=True.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        sensorRef : `daf.persistence.butlerSubset.ButlerDataRef`
            DataRef of the detector data to be processed
 
        Returns
        -------
        result : `lsst.pipe.base.Struct`
            Result struct with component:
            - ``exposure`` : `afw.image.Exposure`
                The fully ISR corrected exposure.
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if a configuration option is set to True, but the
            required calibration data does not exist.
 
        """
        self.log.info("Performing ISR on sensor %s.", sensorRef.dataId)
 
        ccdExposure = sensorRef.get(self.config.datasetType)
 
        camera = sensorRef.get("camera")
        isrData = self.readIsrDatareadIsrData(sensorRef, ccdExposure)
 
        result = self.runrun(ccdExposure, camera=camera, **isrData.getDict())
 
        if self.config.doWrite:
            sensorRef.put(result.exposure, "postISRCCD")
            if result.preInterpExposure is not None:
                sensorRef.put(result.preInterpExposure, "postISRCCD_uninterpolated")
        if result.ossThumb is not None:
            isrQa.writeThumbnail(sensorRef, result.ossThumb, "ossThumb")
        if result.flattenedThumb is not None:
            isrQa.writeThumbnail(sensorRef, result.flattenedThumb, "flattenedThumb")
 
        return result
 
    def getIsrExposure(self, dataRef, datasetType, dateObs=None, immediate=True):
        """Retrieve a calibration dataset for removing instrument signature.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
 
        dataRef : `daf.persistence.butlerSubset.ButlerDataRef`
            DataRef of the detector data to find calibration datasets
            for.
        datasetType : `str`
            Type of dataset to retrieve (e.g. 'bias', 'flat', etc).
        dateObs : `str`, optional
            Date of the observation.  Used to correct butler failures
            when using fallback filters.
        immediate : `Bool`
            If True, disable butler proxies to enable error handling
            within this routine.
 
        Returns
        -------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Requested calibration frame.
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if no matching calibration frame can be found.
        """
        try:
            exp = dataRef.get(datasetType, immediate=immediate)
        except Exception as exc1:
            if not self.config.fallbackFilterName:
                raise RuntimeError("Unable to retrieve %s for %s: %s." % (datasetType, dataRef.dataId, exc1))
            try:
                if self.config.useFallbackDate and dateObs:
                    exp = dataRef.get(datasetType, filter=self.config.fallbackFilterName,
                                      dateObs=dateObs, immediate=immediate)
                else:
                    exp = dataRef.get(datasetType, filter=self.config.fallbackFilterName, immediate=immediate)
            except Exception as exc2:
                raise RuntimeError("Unable to retrieve %s for %s, even with fallback filter %s: %s AND %s." %
                                   (datasetType, dataRef.dataId, self.config.fallbackFilterName, exc1, exc2))
            self.log.warning("Using fallback calibration from filter %s.", self.config.fallbackFilterName)
 
        if self.config.doAssembleIsrExposures:
            exp = self.assembleCcd.assembleCcd(exp)
        return exp
 
    def ensureExposure(self, inputExp, camera=None, detectorNum=None):
        """Ensure that the data returned by Butler is a fully constructed exp.
 
        ISR requires exposure-level image data for historical reasons, so if we
        did not recieve that from Butler, construct it from what we have,
        modifying the input in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        inputExp : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`, `lsst.afw.image.DecoratedImageU`,
                   or `lsst.afw.image.ImageF`
            The input data structure obtained from Butler.
        camera : `lsst.afw.cameraGeom.camera`, optional
            The camera associated with the image.  Used to find the appropriate
            detector if detector is not already set.
        detectorNum : `int`, optional
            The detector in the camera to attach, if the detector is not
            already set.
 
        Returns
        -------
        inputExp : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            The re-constructed exposure, with appropriate detector parameters.
 
        Raises
        ------
        TypeError
            Raised if the input data cannot be used to construct an exposure.
        """
        if isinstance(inputExp, afwImage.DecoratedImageU):
            inputExp = afwImage.makeExposure(afwImage.makeMaskedImage(inputExp))
        elif isinstance(inputExp, afwImage.ImageF):
            inputExp = afwImage.makeExposure(afwImage.makeMaskedImage(inputExp))
        elif isinstance(inputExp, afwImage.MaskedImageF):
            inputExp = afwImage.makeExposure(inputExp)
        elif isinstance(inputExp, afwImage.Exposure):
            pass
        elif inputExp is None:
            # Assume this will be caught by the setup if it is a problem.
            return inputExp
        else:
            raise TypeError("Input Exposure is not known type in isrTask.ensureExposure: %s." %
                            (type(inputExp), ))
 
        if inputExp.getDetector() is None:
            if camera is None or detectorNum is None:
                raise RuntimeError('Must supply both a camera and detector number when using exposures '
                                   'without a detector set.')
            inputExp.setDetector(camera[detectorNum])
 
        return inputExp
 
    def convertIntToFloat(self, exposure):
        """Convert exposure image from uint16 to float.
 
        If the exposure does not need to be converted, the input is
        immediately returned.  For exposures that are converted to use
        floating point pixels, the variance is set to unity and the
        mask to zero.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
           The raw exposure to be converted.
 
        Returns
        -------
        newexposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
           The input ``exposure``, converted to floating point pixels.
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if the exposure type cannot be converted to float.
 
        """
        if isinstance(exposure, afwImage.ExposureF):
            # Nothing to be done
            self.log.debug("Exposure already of type float.")
            return exposure
        if not hasattr(exposure, "convertF"):
            raise RuntimeError("Unable to convert exposure (%s) to float." % type(exposure))
 
        newexposure = exposure.convertF()
        newexposure.variance[:] = 1
        newexposure.mask[:] = 0x0
 
        return newexposure
 
    def maskAmplifier(self, ccdExposure, amp, defects):
        """Identify bad amplifiers, saturated and suspect pixels.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        ccdExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Input exposure to be masked.
        amp : `lsst.afw.table.AmpInfoCatalog`
            Catalog of parameters defining the amplifier on this
            exposure to mask.
        defects : `lsst.ip.isr.Defects`
            List of defects.  Used to determine if the entire
            amplifier is bad.
 
        Returns
        -------
        badAmp : `Bool`
            If this is true, the entire amplifier area is covered by
            defects and unusable.
 
        """
        maskedImage = ccdExposure.getMaskedImage()
 
        badAmp = False
 
        # Check if entire amp region is defined as a defect
        # NB: need to use amp.getBBox() for correct comparison with current
        # defects definition.
        if defects is not None:
            badAmp = bool(sum([v.getBBox().contains(amp.getBBox()) for v in defects]))
 
        # In the case of a bad amp, we will set mask to "BAD"
        # (here use amp.getRawBBox() for correct association with pixels in
        # current ccdExposure).
        if badAmp:
            dataView = afwImage.MaskedImageF(maskedImage, amp.getRawBBox(),
                                             afwImage.PARENT)
            maskView = dataView.getMask()
            maskView |= maskView.getPlaneBitMask("BAD")
            del maskView
            return badAmp
 
        # Mask remaining defects after assembleCcd() to allow for defects that
        # cross amplifier boundaries. Saturation and suspect pixels can be
        # masked now, though.
        limits = dict()
        if self.config.doSaturation and not badAmp:
            limits.update({self.config.saturatedMaskName: amp.getSaturation()})
        if self.config.doSuspect and not badAmp:
            limits.update({self.config.suspectMaskName: amp.getSuspectLevel()})
        if math.isfinite(self.config.saturation):
            limits.update({self.config.saturatedMaskName: self.config.saturation})
 
        for maskName, maskThreshold in limits.items():
            if not math.isnan(maskThreshold):
                dataView = maskedImage.Factory(maskedImage, amp.getRawBBox())
                isrFunctions.makeThresholdMask(
                    maskedImage=dataView,
                    threshold=maskThreshold,
                    growFootprints=0,
                    maskName=maskName
                )
 
        # Determine if we've fully masked this amplifier with SUSPECT and
        # SAT pixels.
        maskView = afwImage.Mask(maskedImage.getMask(), amp.getRawDataBBox(),
                                 afwImage.PARENT)
        maskVal = maskView.getPlaneBitMask([self.config.saturatedMaskName,
                                            self.config.suspectMaskName])
        if numpy.all(maskView.getArray() & maskVal > 0):
            badAmp = True
            maskView |= maskView.getPlaneBitMask("BAD")
 
        return badAmp
 
    def overscanCorrection(self, ccdExposure, amp):
        """Apply overscan correction in place.
 
        This method does initial pixel rejection of the overscan
        region.  The overscan can also be optionally segmented to
        allow for discontinuous overscan responses to be fit
        separately.  The actual overscan subtraction is performed by
        the `lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.overscanCorrection` function,
        which is called here after the amplifier is preprocessed.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        ccdExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to have overscan correction performed.
        amp : `lsst.afw.cameraGeom.Amplifer`
            The amplifier to consider while correcting the overscan.
 
        Returns
        -------
        overscanResults : `lsst.pipe.base.Struct`
            Result struct with components:
            - ``imageFit`` : scalar or `lsst.afw.image.Image`
                Value or fit subtracted from the amplifier image data.
            - ``overscanFit`` : scalar or `lsst.afw.image.Image`
                Value or fit subtracted from the overscan image data.
            - ``overscanImage`` : `lsst.afw.image.Image`
                Image of the overscan region with the overscan
                correction applied. This quantity is used to estimate
                the amplifier read noise empirically.
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if the ``amp`` does not contain raw pixel information.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.overscanCorrection
        """
        if amp.getRawHorizontalOverscanBBox().isEmpty():
            self.log.info("ISR_OSCAN: No overscan region.  Not performing overscan correction.")
            return None
 
        statControl = afwMath.StatisticsControl()
        statControl.setAndMask(ccdExposure.mask.getPlaneBitMask("SAT"))
 
        # Determine the bounding boxes
        dataBBox = amp.getRawDataBBox()
        oscanBBox = amp.getRawHorizontalOverscanBBox()
        dx0 = 0
        dx1 = 0
 
        prescanBBox = amp.getRawPrescanBBox()
        if (oscanBBox.getBeginX() > prescanBBox.getBeginX()):  # amp is at the right
            dx0 += self.config.overscanNumLeadingColumnsToSkip
            dx1 -= self.config.overscanNumTrailingColumnsToSkip
        else:
            dx0 += self.config.overscanNumTrailingColumnsToSkip
            dx1 -= self.config.overscanNumLeadingColumnsToSkip
 
        # Determine if we need to work on subregions of the amplifier
        # and overscan.
        imageBBoxes = []
        overscanBBoxes = []
 
        if ((self.config.overscanBiasJump
             and self.config.overscanBiasJumpLocation)
            and (ccdExposure.getMetadata().exists(self.config.overscanBiasJumpKeyword)
                 and ccdExposure.getMetadata().getScalar(self.config.overscanBiasJumpKeyword) in
                 self.config.overscanBiasJumpDevices)):
            if amp.getReadoutCorner() in (ReadoutCorner.LL, ReadoutCorner.LR):
                yLower = self.config.overscanBiasJumpLocation
                yUpper = dataBBox.getHeight() - yLower
            else:
                yUpper = self.config.overscanBiasJumpLocation
                yLower = dataBBox.getHeight() - yUpper
 
            imageBBoxes.append(lsst.geom.Box2I(dataBBox.getBegin(),
                                               lsst.geom.Extent2I(dataBBox.getWidth(), yLower)))
            overscanBBoxes.append(lsst.geom.Box2I(oscanBBox.getBegin() + lsst.geom.Extent2I(dx0, 0),
                                                  lsst.geom.Extent2I(oscanBBox.getWidth() - dx0 + dx1,
                                                                     yLower)))
 
            imageBBoxes.append(lsst.geom.Box2I(dataBBox.getBegin() + lsst.geom.Extent2I(0, yLower),
                                               lsst.geom.Extent2I(dataBBox.getWidth(), yUpper)))
            overscanBBoxes.append(lsst.geom.Box2I(oscanBBox.getBegin() + lsst.geom.Extent2I(dx0, yLower),
                                                  lsst.geom.Extent2I(oscanBBox.getWidth() - dx0 + dx1,
                                                                     yUpper)))
        else:
            imageBBoxes.append(lsst.geom.Box2I(dataBBox.getBegin(),
                                               lsst.geom.Extent2I(dataBBox.getWidth(), dataBBox.getHeight())))
            overscanBBoxes.append(lsst.geom.Box2I(oscanBBox.getBegin() + lsst.geom.Extent2I(dx0, 0),
                                                  lsst.geom.Extent2I(oscanBBox.getWidth() - dx0 + dx1,
                                                                     oscanBBox.getHeight())))
 
        # Perform overscan correction on subregions, ensuring saturated
        # pixels are masked.
        for imageBBox, overscanBBox in zip(imageBBoxes, overscanBBoxes):
            ampImage = ccdExposure.maskedImage[imageBBox]
            overscanImage = ccdExposure.maskedImage[overscanBBox]
 
            overscanArray = overscanImage.image.array
            median = numpy.ma.median(numpy.ma.masked_where(overscanImage.mask.array, overscanArray))
            bad = numpy.where(numpy.abs(overscanArray - median) > self.config.overscanMaxDev)
            overscanImage.mask.array[bad] = overscanImage.mask.getPlaneBitMask("SAT")
 
            statControl = afwMath.StatisticsControl()
            statControl.setAndMask(ccdExposure.mask.getPlaneBitMask("SAT"))
 
            overscanResults = self.overscan.run(ampImage.getImage(), overscanImage, amp)
 
            # Measure average overscan levels and record them in the metadata.
            levelStat = afwMath.MEDIAN
            sigmaStat = afwMath.STDEVCLIP
 
            sctrl = afwMath.StatisticsControl(self.config.qa.flatness.clipSigma,
                                              self.config.qa.flatness.nIter)
            metadata = ccdExposure.getMetadata()
            ampNum = amp.getName()
            # if self.config.overscanFitType in ("MEDIAN", "MEAN", "MEANCLIP"):
            if isinstance(overscanResults.overscanFit, float):
                metadata[f"ISR_OSCAN_LEVEL{ampNum}"] = overscanResults.overscanFit
                metadata[f"ISR_OSCAN_SIGMA{ampNum}"] = 0.0
            else:
                stats = afwMath.makeStatistics(overscanResults.overscanFit, levelStat | sigmaStat, sctrl)
                metadata[f"ISR_OSCAN_LEVEL{ampNum}"] = stats.getValue(levelStat)
                metadata[f"ISR_OSCAN_SIGMA%{ampNum}"] = stats.getValue(sigmaStat)
 
        return overscanResults
 
    def updateVariance(self, ampExposure, amp, overscanImage=None, ptcDataset=None):
        """Set the variance plane using the gain and read noise
 
        The read noise is calculated from the ``overscanImage`` if the
        ``doEmpiricalReadNoise`` option is set in the configuration; otherwise
        the value from the amplifier data is used.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        ampExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        amp : `lsst.afw.table.AmpInfoRecord` or `FakeAmp`
            Amplifier detector data.
        overscanImage : `lsst.afw.image.MaskedImage`, optional.
            Image of overscan, required only for empirical read noise.
        ptcDataset : `lsst.ip.isr.PhotonTransferCurveDataset`, optional
            PTC dataset containing the gains and read noise.
 
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if either ``usePtcGains`` of ``usePtcReadNoise``
            are ``True``, but ptcDataset is not provided.
 
            Raised if ```doEmpiricalReadNoise`` is ``True`` but
            ``overscanImage`` is ``None``.
 
        See also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.updateVariance
        """
        maskPlanes = [self.config.saturatedMaskName, self.config.suspectMaskName]
        if self.config.usePtcGains:
            if ptcDataset is None:
                raise RuntimeError("No ptcDataset provided to use PTC gains.")
            else:
                gain = ptcDataset.gain[amp.getName()]
                self.log.info("Using gain from Photon Transfer Curve.")
        else:
            gain = amp.getGain()
 
        if math.isnan(gain):
            gain = 1.0
            self.log.warning("Gain set to NAN!  Updating to 1.0 to generate Poisson variance.")
        elif gain <= 0:
            patchedGain = 1.0
            self.log.warning("Gain for amp %s == %g <= 0; setting to %f.",
                             amp.getName(), gain, patchedGain)
            gain = patchedGain
 
        if self.config.doEmpiricalReadNoise and overscanImage is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Overscan is none for EmpiricalReadNoise.")
 
        if self.config.doEmpiricalReadNoise and overscanImage is not None:
            stats = afwMath.StatisticsControl()
            stats.setAndMask(overscanImage.mask.getPlaneBitMask(maskPlanes))
            readNoise = afwMath.makeStatistics(overscanImage, afwMath.STDEVCLIP, stats).getValue()
            self.log.info("Calculated empirical read noise for amp %s: %f.",
                          amp.getName(), readNoise)
        elif self.config.usePtcReadNoise:
            if ptcDataset is None:
                raise RuntimeError("No ptcDataset provided to use PTC readnoise.")
            else:
                readNoise = ptcDataset.noise[amp.getName()]
            self.log.info("Using read noise from Photon Transfer Curve.")
        else:
            readNoise = amp.getReadNoise()
 
        isrFunctions.updateVariance(
            maskedImage=ampExposure.getMaskedImage(),
            gain=gain,
            readNoise=readNoise,
        )
 
    def maskNegativeVariance(self, exposure):
        """Identify and mask pixels with negative variance values.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.updateVariance
        """
        maskPlane = exposure.getMask().getPlaneBitMask(self.config.negativeVarianceMaskName)
        bad = numpy.where(exposure.getVariance().getArray() <= 0.0)
        exposure.mask.array[bad] |= maskPlane
 
    def darkCorrection(self, exposure, darkExposure, invert=False):
        """Apply dark correction in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        darkExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Dark exposure of the same size as ``exposure``.
        invert : `Bool`, optional
            If True, re-add the dark to an already corrected image.
 
        Raises
        ------
        RuntimeError
            Raised if either ``exposure`` or ``darkExposure`` do not
            have their dark time defined.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.darkCorrection
        """
        expScale = exposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo().getDarkTime()
        if math.isnan(expScale):
            raise RuntimeError("Exposure darktime is NAN.")
        if darkExposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo() is not None \
                and not math.isnan(darkExposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo().getDarkTime()):
            darkScale = darkExposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo().getDarkTime()
        else:
            # DM-17444: darkExposure.getInfo.getVisitInfo() is None
            #           so getDarkTime() does not exist.
            self.log.warning("darkExposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo() does not exist. Using darkScale = 1.0.")
            darkScale = 1.0
 
        isrFunctions.darkCorrection(
            maskedImage=exposure.getMaskedImage(),
            darkMaskedImage=darkExposure.getMaskedImage(),
            expScale=expScale,
            darkScale=darkScale,
            invert=invert,
            trimToFit=self.config.doTrimToMatchCalib
        )
 
    def doLinearize(self, detector):
        """Check if linearization is needed for the detector cameraGeom.
 
        Checks config.doLinearize and the linearity type of the first
        amplifier.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        detector : `lsst.afw.cameraGeom.Detector`
            Detector to get linearity type from.
 
        Returns
        -------
        doLinearize : `Bool`
            If True, linearization should be performed.
        """
        return self.config.doLinearize and \
            detector.getAmplifiers()[0].getLinearityType() != NullLinearityType
 
    def flatCorrection(self, exposure, flatExposure, invert=False):
        """Apply flat correction in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        flatExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Flat exposure of the same size as ``exposure``.
        invert : `Bool`, optional
            If True, unflatten an already flattened image.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.flatCorrection
        """
        isrFunctions.flatCorrection(
            maskedImage=exposure.getMaskedImage(),
            flatMaskedImage=flatExposure.getMaskedImage(),
            scalingType=self.config.flatScalingType,
            userScale=self.config.flatUserScale,
            invert=invert,
            trimToFit=self.config.doTrimToMatchCalib
        )
 
    def saturationDetection(self, exposure, amp):
        """Detect and mask saturated pixels in config.saturatedMaskName.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.  Only the amplifier DataSec is processed.
        amp : `lsst.afw.table.AmpInfoCatalog`
            Amplifier detector data.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.makeThresholdMask
        """
        if not math.isnan(amp.getSaturation()):
            maskedImage = exposure.getMaskedImage()
            dataView = maskedImage.Factory(maskedImage, amp.getRawBBox())
            isrFunctions.makeThresholdMask(
                maskedImage=dataView,
                threshold=amp.getSaturation(),
                growFootprints=0,
                maskName=self.config.saturatedMaskName,
            )
 
    def saturationInterpolation(self, exposure):
        """Interpolate over saturated pixels, in place.
 
        This method should be called after `saturationDetection`, to
        ensure that the saturated pixels have been identified in the
        SAT mask.  It should also be called after `assembleCcd`, since
        saturated regions may cross amplifier boundaries.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrTask.saturationDetection
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.interpolateFromMask
        """
        isrFunctions.interpolateFromMask(
            maskedImage=exposure.getMaskedImage(),
            fwhm=self.config.fwhm,
            growSaturatedFootprints=self.config.growSaturationFootprintSize,
            maskNameList=list(self.config.saturatedMaskName),
        )
 
    def suspectDetection(self, exposure, amp):
        """Detect and mask suspect pixels in config.suspectMaskName.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.  Only the amplifier DataSec is processed.
        amp : `lsst.afw.table.AmpInfoCatalog`
            Amplifier detector data.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrFunctions.makeThresholdMask
 
        Notes
        -----
        Suspect pixels are pixels whose value is greater than
        amp.getSuspectLevel(). This is intended to indicate pixels that may be
        affected by unknown systematics; for example if non-linearity
        corrections above a certain level are unstable then that would be a
        useful value for suspectLevel. A value of `nan` indicates that no such
        level exists and no pixels are to be masked as suspicious.
        """
        suspectLevel = amp.getSuspectLevel()
        if math.isnan(suspectLevel):
            return
 
        maskedImage = exposure.getMaskedImage()
        dataView = maskedImage.Factory(maskedImage, amp.getRawBBox())
        isrFunctions.makeThresholdMask(
            maskedImage=dataView,
            threshold=suspectLevel,
            growFootprints=0,
            maskName=self.config.suspectMaskName,
        )
 
    def maskDefect(self, exposure, defectBaseList):
        """Mask defects using mask plane "BAD", in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        defectBaseList : `lsst.ip.isr.Defects` or `list` of
                         `lsst.afw.image.DefectBase`.
            List of defects to mask.
 
        Notes
        -----
        Call this after CCD assembly, since defects may cross amplifier
        boundaries.
        """
        maskedImage = exposure.getMaskedImage()
        if not isinstance(defectBaseList, Defects):
            # Promotes DefectBase to Defect
            defectList = Defects(defectBaseList)
        else:
            defectList = defectBaseList
        defectList.maskPixels(maskedImage, maskName="BAD")
 
    def maskEdges(self, exposure, numEdgePixels=0, maskPlane="SUSPECT", level='DETECTOR'):
        """Mask edge pixels with applicable mask plane.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        numEdgePixels : `int`, optional
            Number of edge pixels to mask.
        maskPlane : `str`, optional
            Mask plane name to use.
        level : `str`, optional
            Level at which to mask edges.
        """
        maskedImage = exposure.getMaskedImage()
        maskBitMask = maskedImage.getMask().getPlaneBitMask(maskPlane)
 
        if numEdgePixels > 0:
            if level == 'DETECTOR':
                boxes = [maskedImage.getBBox()]
            elif level == 'AMP':
                boxes = [amp.getBBox() for amp in exposure.getDetector()]
 
            for box in boxes:
                # This makes a bbox numEdgeSuspect pixels smaller than the
                # image on each side
                subImage = maskedImage[box]
                box.grow(-numEdgePixels)
                # Mask pixels outside box
                SourceDetectionTask.setEdgeBits(
                    subImage,
                    box,
                    maskBitMask)
 
    def maskAndInterpolateDefects(self, exposure, defectBaseList):
        """Mask and interpolate defects using mask plane "BAD", in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        defectBaseList : `lsst.ip.isr.Defects` or `list` of
                         `lsst.afw.image.DefectBase`.
            List of defects to mask and interpolate.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrTask.maskDefect
        """
        self.maskDefectmaskDefect(exposure, defectBaseList)
        self.maskEdgesmaskEdges(exposure, numEdgePixels=self.config.numEdgeSuspect,
                       maskPlane="SUSPECT", level=self.config.edgeMaskLevel)
        isrFunctions.interpolateFromMask(
            maskedImage=exposure.getMaskedImage(),
            fwhm=self.config.fwhm,
            growSaturatedFootprints=0,
            maskNameList=["BAD"],
        )
 
    def maskNan(self, exposure):
        """Mask NaNs using mask plane "UNMASKEDNAN", in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
 
        Notes
        -----
        We mask over all non-finite values (NaN, inf), including those
        that are masked with other bits (because those may or may not be
        interpolated over later, and we want to remove all NaN/infs).
        Despite this behaviour, the "UNMASKEDNAN" mask plane is used to
        preserve the historical name.
        """
        maskedImage = exposure.getMaskedImage()
 
        # Find and mask NaNs
        maskedImage.getMask().addMaskPlane("UNMASKEDNAN")
        maskVal = maskedImage.getMask().getPlaneBitMask("UNMASKEDNAN")
        numNans = maskNans(maskedImage, maskVal)
        self.metadata["NUMNANS"] = numNans
        if numNans > 0:
            self.log.warning("There were %d unmasked NaNs.", numNans)
 
    def maskAndInterpolateNan(self, exposure):
        """"Mask and interpolate NaN/infs using mask plane "UNMASKEDNAN",
        in place.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
 
        See Also
        --------
        lsst.ip.isr.isrTask.maskNan
        """
        self.maskNanmaskNan(exposure)
        isrFunctions.interpolateFromMask(
            maskedImage=exposure.getMaskedImage(),
            fwhm=self.config.fwhm,
            growSaturatedFootprints=0,
            maskNameList=["UNMASKEDNAN"],
        )
 
    def measureBackground(self, exposure, IsrQaConfig=None):
        """Measure the image background in subgrids, for quality control.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        IsrQaConfig : `lsst.ip.isr.isrQa.IsrQaConfig`
            Configuration object containing parameters on which background
            statistics and subgrids to use.
        """
        if IsrQaConfig is not None:
            statsControl = afwMath.StatisticsControl(IsrQaConfig.flatness.clipSigma,
                                                     IsrQaConfig.flatness.nIter)
            maskVal = exposure.getMaskedImage().getMask().getPlaneBitMask(["BAD", "SAT", "DETECTED"])
            statsControl.setAndMask(maskVal)
            maskedImage = exposure.getMaskedImage()
            stats = afwMath.makeStatistics(maskedImage, afwMath.MEDIAN | afwMath.STDEVCLIP, statsControl)
            skyLevel = stats.getValue(afwMath.MEDIAN)
            skySigma = stats.getValue(afwMath.STDEVCLIP)
            self.log.info("Flattened sky level: %f +/- %f.", skyLevel, skySigma)
            metadata = exposure.getMetadata()
            metadata["SKYLEVEL"] = skyLevel
            metadata["SKYSIGMA"] = skySigma
 
            # calcluating flatlevel over the subgrids
            stat = afwMath.MEANCLIP if IsrQaConfig.flatness.doClip else afwMath.MEAN
            meshXHalf = int(IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshX/2.)
            meshYHalf = int(IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshY/2.)
            nX = int((exposure.getWidth() + meshXHalf) / IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshX)
            nY = int((exposure.getHeight() + meshYHalf) / IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshY)
            skyLevels = numpy.zeros((nX, nY))
 
            for j in range(nY):
                yc = meshYHalf + j * IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshY
                for i in range(nX):
                    xc = meshXHalf + i * IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshX
 
                    xLLC = xc - meshXHalf
                    yLLC = yc - meshYHalf
                    xURC = xc + meshXHalf - 1
                    yURC = yc + meshYHalf - 1
 
                    bbox = lsst.geom.Box2I(lsst.geom.Point2I(xLLC, yLLC), lsst.geom.Point2I(xURC, yURC))
                    miMesh = maskedImage.Factory(exposure.getMaskedImage(), bbox, afwImage.LOCAL)
 
                    skyLevels[i, j] = afwMath.makeStatistics(miMesh, stat, statsControl).getValue()
 
            good = numpy.where(numpy.isfinite(skyLevels))
            skyMedian = numpy.median(skyLevels[good])
            flatness = (skyLevels[good] - skyMedian) / skyMedian
            flatness_rms = numpy.std(flatness)
            flatness_pp = flatness.max() - flatness.min() if len(flatness) > 0 else numpy.nan
 
            self.log.info("Measuring sky levels in %dx%d grids: %f.", nX, nY, skyMedian)
            self.log.info("Sky flatness in %dx%d grids - pp: %f rms: %f.",
                          nX, nY, flatness_pp, flatness_rms)
 
            metadata["FLATNESS_PP"] = float(flatness_pp)
            metadata["FLATNESS_RMS"] = float(flatness_rms)
            metadata["FLATNESS_NGRIDS"] = '%dx%d' % (nX, nY)
            metadata["FLATNESS_MESHX"] = IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshX
            metadata["FLATNESS_MESHY"] = IsrQaConfig.flatness.meshY
 
    def roughZeroPoint(self, exposure):
        """Set an approximate magnitude zero point for the exposure.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        """
        filterLabel = exposure.getFilterLabel()
        physicalFilter = isrFunctions.getPhysicalFilter(filterLabel, self.log)
 
        if physicalFilter in self.config.fluxMag0T1:
            fluxMag0 = self.config.fluxMag0T1[physicalFilter]
        else:
            self.log.warning("No rough magnitude zero point defined for filter %s.", physicalFilter)
            fluxMag0 = self.config.defaultFluxMag0T1
 
        expTime = exposure.getInfo().getVisitInfo().getExposureTime()
        if not expTime > 0:  # handle NaN as well as <= 0
            self.log.warning("Non-positive exposure time; skipping rough zero point.")
            return
 
        self.log.info("Setting rough magnitude zero point for filter %s: %f",
                      physicalFilter, 2.5*math.log10(fluxMag0*expTime))
        exposure.setPhotoCalib(afwImage.makePhotoCalibFromCalibZeroPoint(fluxMag0*expTime, 0.0))
 
    def setValidPolygonIntersect(self, ccdExposure, fpPolygon):
        """Set valid polygon as the intersection of fpPolygon and chip corners.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        ccdExposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        fpPolygon : `lsst.afw.geom.Polygon`
            Polygon in focal plane coordinates.
        """
        # Get ccd corners in focal plane coordinates
        ccd = ccdExposure.getDetector()
        fpCorners = ccd.getCorners(FOCAL_PLANE)
        ccdPolygon = Polygon(fpCorners)
 
        # Get intersection of ccd corners with fpPolygon
        intersect = ccdPolygon.intersectionSingle(fpPolygon)
 
        # Transform back to pixel positions and build new polygon
        ccdPoints = ccd.transform(intersect, FOCAL_PLANE, PIXELS)
        validPolygon = Polygon(ccdPoints)
        ccdExposure.getInfo().setValidPolygon(validPolygon)
 
    @contextmanager
    def flatContext(self, exp, flat, dark=None):
        """Context manager that applies and removes flats and darks,
        if the task is configured to apply them.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exp : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to process.
        flat : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Flat exposure the same size as ``exp``.
        dark : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`, optional
            Dark exposure the same size as ``exp``.
 
        Yields
        ------
        exp : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            The flat and dark corrected exposure.
        """
        if self.config.doDark and dark is not None:
            self.darkCorrectiondarkCorrection(exp, dark)
        if self.config.doFlat:
            self.flatCorrectionflatCorrection(exp, flat)
        try:
            yield exp
        finally:
            if self.config.doFlat:
                self.flatCorrectionflatCorrection(exp, flat, invert=True)
            if self.config.doDark and dark is not None:
                self.darkCorrectiondarkCorrection(exp, dark, invert=True)
 
    def debugView(self, exposure, stepname):
        """Utility function to examine ISR exposure at different stages.
 
        Parameters
        ----------
        exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
            Exposure to view.
        stepname : `str`
            State of processing to view.
        """
        frame = getDebugFrame(self._display, stepname)
        if frame:
            display = getDisplay(frame)
            display.scale('asinh', 'zscale')
            display.mtv(exposure)
            prompt = "Press Enter to continue [c]... "
            while True:
                ans = input(prompt).lower()
                if ans in ("", "c",):
                    break
 
 
class FakeAmp(object):
    """A Detector-like object that supports returning gain and saturation level
 
    This is used when the input exposure does not have a detector.
 
    Parameters
    ----------
    exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
        Exposure to generate a fake amplifier for.
    config : `lsst.ip.isr.isrTaskConfig`
        Configuration to apply to the fake amplifier.
    """
 
    def __init__(self, exposure, config):
        self._bbox_bbox = exposure.getBBox(afwImage.LOCAL)
        self._RawHorizontalOverscanBBox_RawHorizontalOverscanBBox = lsst.geom.Box2I()
        self._gain_gain = config.gain
        self._readNoise_readNoise = config.readNoise
        self._saturation_saturation = config.saturation
 
    def getBBox(self):
        return self._bbox_bbox
 
    def getRawBBox(self):
        return self._bbox_bbox
 
    def getRawHorizontalOverscanBBox(self):
        return self._RawHorizontalOverscanBBox_RawHorizontalOverscanBBox
 
    def getGain(self):
        return self._gain_gain
 
    def getReadNoise(self):
        return self._readNoise_readNoise
 
    def getSaturation(self):
        return self._saturation_saturation
 
    def getSuspectLevel(self):
        return float("NaN")
 
 
class RunIsrConfig(pexConfig.Config):
    isr = pexConfig.ConfigurableField(target=IsrTask, doc="Instrument signature removal")
 
 
class RunIsrTask(pipeBase.CmdLineTask):
    """Task to wrap the default IsrTask to allow it to be retargeted.
 
    The standard IsrTask can be called directly from a command line
    program, but doing so removes the ability of the task to be
    retargeted.  As most cameras override some set of the IsrTask
    methods, this would remove those data-specific methods in the
    output post-ISR images.  This wrapping class fixes the issue,
    allowing identical post-ISR images to be generated by both the
    processCcd and isrTask code.
    """
    ConfigClass = RunIsrConfig
    _DefaultName = "runIsr"
 
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.makeSubtask("isr")
 
    def runDataRef(self, dataRef):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        dataRef : `lsst.daf.persistence.ButlerDataRef`
            data reference of the detector data to be processed
 
        Returns
        -------
        result : `pipeBase.Struct`
            Result struct with component:
 
            - exposure : `lsst.afw.image.Exposure`
                Post-ISR processed exposure.
        """
        return self.isr.runDataRef(dataRef)